The more you play, the more aggressive you become: A long-term experimental study of cumulative violent video game effects on hostile expectations and aggressive behavior

In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier's archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: FlashReport The more you play, the more aggressive you become: A long-term experimental study of cumulative violent video game effects on hostile expectations and aggressive behavior ► A 3-day experiment tested the cumulative effects of violent video games. ► Hostile expectations increased over 3 days for violent video game players. ► Aggression increased over 3 days for violent video game players. ► Hostile expectations mediated the effect of violent video games on aggression. ► Nonviolent video games did not influence hostile expectations or aggression. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o It is well established that violent video games increase aggression. There is a stronger evidence of short-term violent video game effects than of long-term effects. The present experiment tests the cumulative long-term effects of violent video games on hostile expectations and aggressive behavior over three consecutive days. Participants (N = 70) played violent or nonviolent video games 20 min a day for three consecutive days. After gameplay, participants could blast a confederate with loud unpleasant noise through headphones (the aggression measure). As a potential causal mechanism, we measured hostile expectations. Participants read ambiguous story stems about potential interpersonal conflicts, and listed what they thought the main characters would do or say, think, and feel as the story continued. As expected, aggressive behavior and hostile expectations increased over days for violent game players, but not for nonviolent video game players, and the increase in aggressive behavior was partially due to hostile expectations. Introduction In a classic Calvin and Hobbes cartoon, Calvin is shown watching a violent television program. He has the following internal dialog: " Violence in the media. Does it glamorize violence? Sure. Does it desen-sitize us to violence? Of course. Does it help us tolerate violence? You bet. Does it stunt our empathy for our fellow beings? Heck yes. Does it CAUSE violence? …Well, that's hard to prove. The trick is to ask the right question. " Contrary to what Calvin thinks, experimental studies do allow for causal inferences. Although it is not ethical for researchers to allow assaults , rapes, and murders to occur in …